ENG 301 SOLVED ASSIGNMENT NO.2

Q1.  “The most important thing in communication is hearing what isn't said.”
Discuss.               (10)
It represents the non verbal communication during interview, formal or informal
discussions. Here are some of the examples to define the above mentioned quote. There
are many different types of nonverbal communication. Together, the following nonverbal
signals and cues communicate your interest and investment in others.
Facial expressions
The human face is extremely expressive, able to express countless emotions without
saying a word. And unlike some forms of nonverbal communication, facial expressions
are universal. The facial expressions for happiness, sadness, anger, surprise, fear, and
disgust are the same across cultures.
Body movements and posture
Consider how your perceptions of people are affected by the way they sit, walk, stand up,
or hold their head. The way you move and carry yourself communicates a wealth of
information to the world. This type of nonverbal communication includes your posture,
bearing, stance, and subtle movements.
Gestures
Gestures are woven into the fabric of our daily lives. We wave, point, beckon, and use
our hands when we’re arguing or speaking animatedly—expressing ourselves with
gestures often without thinking. However, the meaning of gestures can be very different
across cultures and regions, so it’s important to be careful to avoid misinterpretation.
Eye contact
Since the visual sense is dominant for most people, eye contact is an especially important
type of nonverbal communication. The way you look at someone can communicate many
things, including interest, affection, hostility, or attraction. Eye contact is also important
in maintaining the flow of conversation and for gauging the other person’s response.
Touch
We communicate a great deal through touch. Think about the messages given by the
following: a firm handshake, a timid tap on the shoulder, a warm bear hug, a reassuring
pat on the back, a patronizing pat on the head, or a controlling grip on your arm.
Space
Have you ever felt uncomfortable during a conversation because the other person was
standing too close and invading your space? We all have a need for physical space,
although that need differs depending on the culture, the situation, and the closeness of the
relationship. You can use physical space to communicate many different nonverbal
messages, including signals of intimacy, aggression, dominance, or affection.
Voice
We communicate with our voices, even when we are not using words. Nonverbal speech
sounds such as tone, pitch, volume, inflection, rhythm, and rate are important
communication elements. When we speak, other people “read” our voices in addition to
listening to our words. These nonverbal speech sounds provide subtle but powerful clues
into our true feelings and what we really mean. Think about how tone of voice, for
example, can indicate sarcasm, anger, affection, or confidence.
OR
“In an organization, nonverbal communication is sometimes a defence, a way of
concealing motives as language can be a way of hiding your thoughts.” Discuss.
In Organizations Non verbal communication is very important. Here are some silent
features for non verbal communication in organizations.
Static Features
Distance.
Distance. The distance one stands from another frequently conveys a non-verbal
message. In some cultures it is a sign of attraction, while in others it may reflect
status or the intensity of the exchange.
Orientation. People may present themselves in various ways: face-to-face, side-toside, or even back-to-back. For example, cooperating people are likely to sit side-byside while competitors frequently face one another.
Posture. Obviously one can be lying down, seated, or standing. These are not the
elements of posture that convey messages. Are we slouched or erect ? Are our legs
crossed or our arms folded ? Such postures convey a degree of formality and the
degree of relaxation in the communication exchange.
Physical Contact. Shaking hands, touching, holding, embracing, pushing, or patting
on the back all convey messages. They reflect an element of intimacy or a feeling of
(or lack of) attraction.
Dynamic Features
Facial Expressions.
Facial Expressions. A smile, frown, raised eyebrow, yawn, and sneer all convey
information. Facial expressions continually change during interaction and are
monitored constantly by the recipient. There is evidence that the meaning of these
expressions may be similar across cultures.
Gestures. One of the most frequently observed, but least understood, cues is a
hand movement. Most people use hand movements regularly when talking. While
some gestures (e.g., a clenched fist) have universal meanings, most of the others
are individually learned and idiosyncratic.
Looking. A major feature of social communication is eye contact. It can convey
emotion, signal when to talk or finish, or aversion. The frequency of contact may
suggest either interest or boredom.
Kinesics
Lamb believes the best way to access an executive's managerial potential is not to
listen to what he has to say, but to observe what he does when he is saying it. He
calls this new behavioral science "movement analysis." Some of the movements and
gestures he has analyzed follow:
Forward and Backward Movements. If you extend a hand straight forward during
an interview or tend to lean forward, Lamb considers you to be an "operator"- good
for an organization requiring an infusion of energy or dramatic change of course.
Vertical Movements. If you tend to draw yourself up to your tallest during the
handshake, Lamb considers you to be a "presenter." You are a master at selling
yourself or the organization in which you are employed.
Side-to-Side Movements. If you take a lot of space while talking by moving your
arms about, you are a good informer and good listener. You are best suited for an
organization seeking a better sense of direction. Lamb believes there is a relationship
between positioning of the body and movements of the limbs and facial expressions.
He has observed harmony between the two. On the other hand, if certain gestures
are rehearsed, such as those made to impress others, there is a tendency to
separate the posture and the movements. The harmony disappears.
Facial Expressions
Facial expressions usually communicate emotions. The expressions tell the attitudes
of the communicator. Researchers have discovered that certain facial areas reveal
our emotional state better than others. For example, the eyes tend to reveal
happiness or sadness, and even surprise. The lower face also can reveal happiness
.netor surprise; the smile, for example, can communicate friendliness and cooperation.
The lower face, brows, and forehead can also reveal anger. Mehrabian believes
verbal cues provide 7 percent of the meaning of the message; vocal cues, 38
percent; and facial expressions, 55 percent. This means that, as the receiver of a
message, you can rely heavily on the facial expressions of the sender because his
expressions are a better indicator of the meaning behind the message than his
words.
Eye Contact
Eye contact is a direct and powerful form of non-verbal communication. The superior
in the organization generally maintains eye contact longer than the subordinate. The
direct stare of the sender of the message conveys candor and openness. It elicits a
feeling of trust. Downward glances are generally associated with modesty. Eyes
rolled upward are associated with fatigue.
Tactile Communication
Communication through touch is obviously non-verbal. Used properly it can create a
more direct message than dozens of words; used improperly it can build barriers and
cause mistrust. You can easily invade someone's space through this type of
communication. If it is used reciprocally, it indicates solidarity; if not used
reciprocally, it tends to indicate differences in status. Touch not only facilitates the
sending of the message, but the emotional impact of the message as well.
Personal Space
Personal space is your "bubble" - the space you place between yourself and others.
This invisible boundary becomes apparent only when someone bumps or tries to
enter your bubble.
How you identify your personal space and use the environment in which you find
yourself influences your ability to send or receive messages. How close do you stand
to the one with whom you are communicating ? Where do you sit in the room ? How
do you position yourself with respect to others at a meeting ? All of these things
affect your level of comfort, and the level of comfort of those receiving your
message.
Environment
How do you arrange the objects in your environment - the desks, chairs, tables, and
bookcases? The design of your office, according to researchers, can greatly affect the
communications within it. Some managers divide their offices into personal and
impersonal areas. This can improve the communication process if the areas are used
for the purposes intended.
Paralanguage
Is the content of your message contradicted by the attitude with which you are
communicating it? Researchers have found that the tone, pitch, quality of voice, and
rate of speaking convey emotions that can be accurately judged regardless of the
. The important thing to gain from this is that the voice is
important, not just as the conveyor of the message, but as a complement to the
message. As a communicator you should be sensitive to the influence of tone, pitch,
and quality of your voice on the interpretation of your message by the receiver.
Silence and Time
Silence can be a positive or negative influence in the communications process. It can
provide a link between messages or sever relationships. It can create tension and
uneasiness or create a peaceful situation. Silence can also be judgmental by
indicating favor or disfavor - agreement or disagreement.
For example, suppose a manager finds a couple of his staff members resting.
If he believes these staff members are basically lazy, the idleness conveys to him
that they are "goofing off" and should be given additional assignments.
If he believes these staff members are self-motivated and good workers, the idleness
conveys to him that they are taking a well-deserved "break."
If he is personally insecure, the idleness conveys to him that they are threatening his
authority.
Time can be an indicator of status. How long will you give the staff member who
wishes to speak to you ? How long will you make him wait to see you ? Do you
maintain a schedule? Is your schedule such that your subordinates must arrange
their schedules to suit yours ? In a healthy organization, the manager and his
subordinates use time to communicate their mutual respect to each other.
Closing Thoughts
Regardless of your position in the organization it is important for you to develop
some sensitivity to nonverbal messages. Cooperation improves as we recognize and
respond appropriately to non-verbal cues. Of course you have been aware of nonverbal communications all of your life, but how much thought have you given them?
Q2. Make these sentences concise by eliminating wordiness.   (5)
1 Legislators are already reviewing the statutes
2 The issue is teamwork
3 The agencies have monitored tourists cautiously.
4 Many products are Available for removing spots effectively.
5 Trouble is caused when people disobey safety rules.